PoplarV1, Main, Exploration, bibRecord, 001315

Lignocellulose pretreatment in a fungus-cultivating termite.

Identifieur interne : 001315 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 001314; suivant : 001316

Lignocellulose pretreatment in a fungus-cultivating termite.

Source :

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America [ 1091-6490 ] ; 2017.

RBID : pubmed:28424249

Descripteurs français

KwdFr :
- Animaux (MeSH), Isoptera (MeSH), Laccase (métabolisme), Lignine (métabolisme), Protéines fongiques (métabolisme), Termitomyces (enzymologie).
MESH :
- enzymologie : Termitomyces.
- métabolisme : Laccase, Lignine, Protéines fongiques.
- Animaux, Isoptera.

English descriptors

KwdEn :
- Animals (MeSH), Fungal Proteins (metabolism), Isoptera (MeSH), Laccase (metabolism), Lignin (metabolism), Termitomyces (enzymology).
MESH :
- chemical , metabolism : Fungal Proteins, Laccase, Lignin.
- enzymology : Termitomyces.
- Animals, Isoptera.

Abstract

Depolymerizing lignin, the complex phenolic polymer fortifying plant cell walls, is an essential but challenging starting point for the lignocellulosics industries. The variety of ether- and carbon-carbon interunit linkages produced via radical coupling during lignification limit chemical and biological depolymerization efficiency. In an ancient fungus-cultivating termite system, we reveal unprecedentedly rapid lignin depolymerization and degradation by combining laboratory feeding experiments, lignocellulosic compositional measurements, electron microscopy, 2D-NMR, and thermochemolysis. In a gut transit time of under 3.5 h, in young worker termites, poplar lignin sidechains are extensively cleaved and the polymer is significantly depleted, leaving a residue almost completely devoid of various condensed units that are traditionally recognized to be the most recalcitrant. Subsequently, the fungus-comb microbiome preferentially uses xylose and cleaves polysaccharides, thus facilitating final utilization of easily digestible oligosaccharides by old worker termites. This complementary symbiotic pretreatment process in the fungus-growing termite symbiosis reveals a previously unappreciated natural system for efficient lignocellulose degradation.

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1618360114
PubMed: 28424249
PubMed Central: PMC5422824

Affiliations:

Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)

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Le document en format XML

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<author><name sortKey="Liu, Yu" sort="Liu, Yu" uniqKey="Liu Y" first="Yu" last="Liu">Yu Liu</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Ralph, John" sort="Ralph, John" uniqKey="Ralph J" first="John" last="Ralph">John Ralph</name>
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<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI 53706.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Mo, Jianchu" sort="Mo, Jianchu" uniqKey="Mo J" first="Jianchu" last="Mo">Jianchu Mo</name>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Lignocellulose pretreatment in a fungus-cultivating termite.</title>
<author><name sortKey="Li, Hongjie" sort="Li, Hongjie" uniqKey="Li H" first="Hongjie" last="Li">Hongjie Li</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Hangzhou</settlement>
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<orgName type="university">Université de Zhejiang</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Hangzhou</settlement>
<region type="province">Zhejiang</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53726.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI 53706.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison</wicri:cityArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Yelle, Daniel J" sort="Yelle, Daniel J" uniqKey="Yelle D" first="Daniel J" last="Yelle">Daniel J. Yelle</name>
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<placeName><region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
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<author><name sortKey="Li, Chang" sort="Li, Chang" uniqKey="Li C" first="Chang" last="Li">Chang Li</name>
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<wicri:regionArea>Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Hangzhou</settlement>
<region type="province">Zhejiang</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Zhejiang</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Hangzhou</settlement>
<region type="province">Zhejiang</region>
</placeName>
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<author><name sortKey="Yang, Mengyi" sort="Yang, Mengyi" uniqKey="Yang M" first="Mengyi" last="Yang">Mengyi Yang</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Xiaoshan Management Center of Termite Control, 311200 Hangzhou</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Hangzhou</settlement>
<region type="province">Zhejiang</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Ke, Jing" sort="Ke, Jing" uniqKey="Ke J" first="Jing" last="Ke">Jing Ke</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Zhang, Ruijuan" sort="Zhang, Ruijuan" uniqKey="Zhang R" first="Ruijuan" last="Zhang">Ruijuan Zhang</name>
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<placeName><settlement type="city">Hangzhou</settlement>
<region type="province">Zhejiang</region>
</placeName>
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</author>
<author><name sortKey="Liu, Yu" sort="Liu, Yu" uniqKey="Liu Y" first="Yu" last="Liu">Yu Liu</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
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<region type="province">Zhejiang</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Zhu, Na" sort="Zhu, Na" uniqKey="Zhu N" first="Na" last="Zhu">Na Zhu</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
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<author><name sortKey="Liang, Shiyou" sort="Liang, Shiyou" uniqKey="Liang S" first="Shiyou" last="Liang">Shiyou Liang</name>
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<region type="province">Zhejiang</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Zhejiang</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Hangzhou</settlement>
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<author><name sortKey="Mo, Xiaochang" sort="Mo, Xiaochang" uniqKey="Mo X" first="Xiaochang" last="Mo">Xiaochang Mo</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Hangzhou</settlement>
<region type="province">Zhejiang</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Zhejiang</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Hangzhou</settlement>
<region type="province">Zhejiang</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ralph, John" sort="Ralph, John" uniqKey="Ralph J" first="John" last="Ralph">John Ralph</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53726; mojianchu@zju.edu.cn currie@bact.wisc.edu jralph@wisc.edu.</nlm:affiliation>
<country wicri:rule="url">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Madison</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI 53706.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Currie, Cameron R" sort="Currie, Cameron R" uniqKey="Currie C" first="Cameron R" last="Currie">Cameron R. Currie</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53726; mojianchu@zju.edu.cn currie@bact.wisc.edu jralph@wisc.edu.</nlm:affiliation>
<country wicri:rule="url">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Madison</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI 53706.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Wisconsin</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mo, Jianchu" sort="Mo, Jianchu" uniqKey="Mo J" first="Jianchu" last="Mo">Jianchu Mo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China; mojianchu@zju.edu.cn currie@bact.wisc.edu jralph@wisc.edu.</nlm:affiliation>
<country wicri:rule="url">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Hangzhou</settlement>
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<series><title level="j">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</title>
<idno type="eISSN">1091-6490</idno>
<imprint><date when="2017" type="published">2017</date>
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<profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals (MeSH)</term>
<term>Fungal Proteins (metabolism)</term>
<term>Isoptera (MeSH)</term>
<term>Laccase (metabolism)</term>
<term>Lignin (metabolism)</term>
<term>Termitomyces (enzymology)</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Animaux (MeSH)</term>
<term>Isoptera (MeSH)</term>
<term>Laccase (métabolisme)</term>
<term>Lignine (métabolisme)</term>
<term>Protéines fongiques (métabolisme)</term>
<term>Termitomyces (enzymologie)</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="metabolism" xml:lang="en"><term>Fungal Proteins</term>
<term>Laccase</term>
<term>Lignin</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="enzymologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Termitomyces</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="enzymology" xml:lang="en"><term>Termitomyces</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="métabolisme" xml:lang="fr"><term>Laccase</term>
<term>Lignine</term>
<term>Protéines fongiques</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term>
<term>Isoptera</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Animaux</term>
<term>Isoptera</term>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Depolymerizing lignin, the complex phenolic polymer fortifying plant cell walls, is an essential but challenging starting point for the lignocellulosics industries. The variety of ether- and carbon-carbon interunit linkages produced via radical coupling during lignification limit chemical and biological depolymerization efficiency. In an ancient fungus-cultivating termite system, we reveal unprecedentedly rapid lignin depolymerization and degradation by combining laboratory feeding experiments, lignocellulosic compositional measurements, electron microscopy, 2D-NMR, and thermochemolysis. In a gut transit time of under 3.5 h, in young worker termites, poplar lignin sidechains are extensively cleaved and the polymer is significantly depleted, leaving a residue almost completely devoid of various condensed units that are traditionally recognized to be the most recalcitrant. Subsequently, the fungus-comb microbiome preferentially uses xylose and cleaves polysaccharides, thus facilitating final utilization of easily digestible oligosaccharides by old worker termites. This complementary symbiotic pretreatment process in the fungus-growing termite symbiosis reveals a previously unappreciated natural system for efficient lignocellulose degradation.</div>
</front>
</TEI>
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<DateCompleted><Year>2018</Year>
<Month>04</Month>
<Day>24</Day>
</DateCompleted>
<DateRevised><Year>2018</Year>
<Month>11</Month>
<Day>13</Day>
</DateRevised>
<Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1091-6490</ISSN>
<JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>114</Volume>
<Issue>18</Issue>
<PubDate><Year>2017</Year>
<Month>05</Month>
<Day>02</Day>
</PubDate>
</JournalIssue>
<Title>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</Title>
<ISOAbbreviation>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</ISOAbbreviation>
</Journal>
<ArticleTitle>Lignocellulose pretreatment in a fungus-cultivating termite.</ArticleTitle>
<Pagination><MedlinePgn>4709-4714</MedlinePgn>
</Pagination>
<ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1073/pnas.1618360114</ELocationID>
<Abstract><AbstractText>Depolymerizing lignin, the complex phenolic polymer fortifying plant cell walls, is an essential but challenging starting point for the lignocellulosics industries. The variety of ether- and carbon-carbon interunit linkages produced via radical coupling during lignification limit chemical and biological depolymerization efficiency. In an ancient fungus-cultivating termite system, we reveal unprecedentedly rapid lignin depolymerization and degradation by combining laboratory feeding experiments, lignocellulosic compositional measurements, electron microscopy, 2D-NMR, and thermochemolysis. In a gut transit time of under 3.5 h, in young worker termites, poplar lignin sidechains are extensively cleaved and the polymer is significantly depleted, leaving a residue almost completely devoid of various condensed units that are traditionally recognized to be the most recalcitrant. Subsequently, the fungus-comb microbiome preferentially uses xylose and cleaves polysaccharides, thus facilitating final utilization of easily digestible oligosaccharides by old worker termites. This complementary symbiotic pretreatment process in the fungus-growing termite symbiosis reveals a previously unappreciated natural system for efficient lignocellulose degradation.</AbstractText>
</Abstract>
<AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Li</LastName>
<ForeName>Hongjie</ForeName>
<Initials>H</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53726.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI 53706.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Yelle</LastName>
<ForeName>Daniel J</ForeName>
<Initials>DJ</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>US Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI 53726.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Li</LastName>
<ForeName>Chang</ForeName>
<Initials>C</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Yang</LastName>
<ForeName>Mengyi</ForeName>
<Initials>M</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Xiaoshan Management Center of Termite Control, 311200 Hangzhou, China.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ke</LastName>
<ForeName>Jing</ForeName>
<Initials>J</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zhang</LastName>
<ForeName>Ruijuan</ForeName>
<Initials>R</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Liu</LastName>
<ForeName>Yu</ForeName>
<Initials>Y</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zhu</LastName>
<ForeName>Na</ForeName>
<Initials>N</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Liang</LastName>
<ForeName>Shiyou</ForeName>
<Initials>S</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mo</LastName>
<ForeName>Xiaochang</ForeName>
<Initials>X</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ralph</LastName>
<ForeName>John</ForeName>
<Initials>J</Initials>
<Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-6093-4521</Identifier>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53726; mojianchu@zju.edu.cn currie@bact.wisc.edu jralph@wisc.edu.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI 53706.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Currie</LastName>
<ForeName>Cameron R</ForeName>
<Initials>CR</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53726; mojianchu@zju.edu.cn currie@bact.wisc.edu jralph@wisc.edu.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI 53706.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mo</LastName>
<ForeName>Jianchu</ForeName>
<Initials>J</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China; mojianchu@zju.edu.cn currie@bact.wisc.edu jralph@wisc.edu.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
</AuthorList>
<Language>eng</Language>
<PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType>
<PublicationType UI="D013485">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType>
<PublicationType UI="D013486">Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.</PublicationType>
</PublicationTypeList>
<ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2017</Year>
<Month>04</Month>
<Day>19</Day>
</ArticleDate>
</Article>
<MedlineJournalInfo><Country>United States</Country>
<MedlineTA>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</MedlineTA>
<NlmUniqueID>7505876</NlmUniqueID>
<ISSNLinking>0027-8424</ISSNLinking>
</MedlineJournalInfo>
<ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber>
<NameOfSubstance UI="D005656">Fungal Proteins</NameOfSubstance>
</Chemical>
<Chemical><RegistryNumber>9005-53-2</RegistryNumber>
<NameOfSubstance UI="D008031">Lignin</NameOfSubstance>
</Chemical>
<Chemical><RegistryNumber>EC 1.10.3.2</RegistryNumber>
<NameOfSubstance UI="D042845">Laccase</NameOfSubstance>
</Chemical>
</ChemicalList>
<CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset>
<MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000818" MajorTopicYN="N">Animals</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005656" MajorTopicYN="N">Fungal Proteins</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="Y">metabolism</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D020049" MajorTopicYN="Y">Isoptera</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D042845" MajorTopicYN="N">Laccase</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="Y">metabolism</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008031" MajorTopicYN="N">Lignin</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="Y">metabolism</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D055434" MajorTopicYN="N">Termitomyces</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000201" MajorTopicYN="Y">enzymology</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
</MeshHeadingList>
<KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">NMR</Keyword>
<Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">age polyethism</Keyword>
<Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">carbohydrate</Keyword>
<Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">lignin</Keyword>
<Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">symbiosis</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
<CoiStatement>The authors declare no conflict of interest.</CoiStatement>
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Lignocellulose pretreatment in a fungus-cultivating termite.

Lignocellulose pretreatment in a fungus-cultivating termite.

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